Spring Roses of Nations
Posted on November 5, 2016by Royal Rosamond Press
Did the Jacobites found a colony in Belmont California? I found a Jacobite-Savoy line to Empress Zita. It is my destiny to establish a Jacobite Kingdom in America, either in California or Oregon – that is threatened by followers of Traitor Trump, the evangelical Antichrist who want to grab part of Oregon in the Greater Idaho Insurrection. Stop the Anti-Democracy Traitors that took over John Fremont’s party he co-founded. John and Senator Thomas Hart Benton are my kin!
Because the Reformation has led to the anointment of King Trump, Dictator of America, I hereby deny Martin Luther, the anti-Semite, any religious legitimacy in our New Democracy-Kingdom. We will recognize Pope Adrien who established the Anti-Reformation with the help of my kin, Godeschalk Rosemondt, and Grand Master of the Swan Brethren.
On this day, I raise from the dead The Knights Templar of Rougemont who I have proven owned the Shroud of Turin. The Templars were Catholic – and not Protestants. I bid Catholic Templars to move to Eastern Oregon, and become Knights of Truth! Expand the Rightful Land! Down with the Orange Liar who betrayed is country and our Intelligence Community. Long live the Jacobites of the House of Stuart and Savoy! Long live……The White Rose!
I conclude that the white roses you see in the painting ‘The Last Audience of The Habsburgs’ represent the hidden Jacobite Royals of savoy. Again – I raise The Children of The Rose – from the dead!
John Presco
Grand Master of The Templar White Rose
Jacobites deny the validity of the usurpation of the throne first by the Prince and Princess of Orange (1688/9), next by the Princess Anne of Denmark (1701/2), and finally by the Elector Georg I of Hannover (1714) and his heirs to this day.
Marriage and issue[edit]
Margherita’s family announced her engagement to Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este on 20 October 1953.[1] They married on 28 December 1953 in Bourg-en-Bresse, Ain, France (civilly) and 29 December 1953 (religiously), in Royal Monastery of Brou.[2][3] He was the second son of former Emperor Charles I of Austria and Zita of Bourbon-Parma. Robert was 38, and Margherita was 23. As the royal couple arrived for the first ceremony, hundreds of Austrians and Italians stood outside the town hall where the marriage was held.[2] The wedding was also attended by former King Umberto II of Italy and Robert’s older brother Otto of Habsburg, the claimant to the Austrian throne.[2] At six feet tall, Margherita was, according to some witnesses, an impressive sight. She wore an ivory gown made out of satin with a long train hung from a diamond tiara.[3]
The couple took up residence in Paris, where Robert was a bank clerk.[3] They had five children:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita,_Archduchess_of_Austria-Este
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/195886845/victor-emanuel-stuttmeister
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Albert
http://www.jacobite.ca/kings/victor.htm
The marriage of Victor Emanuel was less of a political alliance than that of his older brother Charles Emanuel. In the selection of a bride he was able to consider other matters. On April 23, 1789, Victor Emanuel was married by proxy to Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria, Duke of Brisgau (brother of the Emperor Joseph II) and of his wife, Princess Maria Beatrice Este (heiress of the Este dukes of Modena). The ceremony was held in the Cathedral of Milan with the Archbishop of Milan, Filippo Visconti, acting as chief witness. The bride was herself present at the ceremony; the groom was represented by his nine year old future brother-in-law (and later son-in-law) Archduke Francis of Austria.
On April 25, 1789, the couple renewed their vows in person in the Cathedral of Novarra in the presence of the Archbishop of Turin, Cardinal Vittorio Maria Costa d’Arignano. The couple had seven children of whom four daughters survived to adulthood:
- Maria Beatrice (1792-1840), married Archduke Francis of Austria (later Duke Francis IV of Modena).
- Maria Adelheid (1794-1795).
- Charles Emanuel (1796-1799).
- a princess (1800-1801).
- Maria Teresa (1803-1879), married Duke Charles Louis of Lucca (later Duke Charles II of Parma).
- Maria Anna (1803-1884), married Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria.
- Maria Cristina (1812-1836), married King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies.
Jacobites deny the validity of the usurpation of the throne first by the Prince and Princess of Orange (1688/9), next by the Princess Anne of Denmark (1701/2), and finally by the Elector Georg I of Hannover (1714) and his heirs to this day.
http://www.jacobite.ca/index.htm
For Jacobites, King James II and VII continued to reign until his death in 1701. He was succeeded by his son, James III and VIII, who in turn was succeeded by his sons, Charles III and Henry IX and I. By the death of the latter in 1807 the legitimate male line of the Royal House of Stuart became extinct. The succession to the throne then passed to the senior heir of King Charles I, descended from his youngest daughter Henrietta Anne; this prince was none other than Charles Emanuel IV of Savoy. The succession to the throne has continued until today when it is represented by Duke Francis of Bavaria.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_succession
With Henry’s death, the Jacobite claim was then notionally inherited by the Stuarts’ nearest relatives, passing through a number of European royal families. Although the line of succession can continue to be traced, none of the Stuarts’ subsequent heirs ever claimed the British throne, or the crowns of England, Scotland, or Ireland. A spokesman for the current heir, Franz, Duke of Bavaria, has described his position in the line of succession as “purely hypothetical” and a question “which does not concern him”.[1] However, there remains a small number of modern supporters who believe in the restoration of the Jacobite succession to the throne.
Line of succession after the Stuarts[edit]
Applying primogeniture, the notional rights to the Stuarts’ claim then passed to Henry’s nearest relative, Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, and from him on to other members of the House of Savoy, and then to the Houses of Austria-Este and Wittelsbach over the subsequent two centuries.[26] Neither Charles Emmanuel[27] nor any of the subsequent heirs have ever put forward any claims to the British throne.[26][28] Aside from the brief Neo-Jacobite Revival in the years before the First World War,[29] and a handful of modern adherents,[30] any support for the Jacobite succession had disappeared by the end of the 18th century after it had been abandoned by even the inner core of its supporters.[31] Although there are a small number of modern-day self-described ‘Jacobites’, not all of them support the restoration of the Jacobite succession to the throne.[32]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_succession
Jacobitism i
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia
Pretenders and subsequent heirs[edit]
English common law determined the line of succession based on male-preference primogeniture,[33][34] and Scots law applied the same principle in relation to the crown of Scotland.[35][36] Following the Glorious Revolution, this was altered by a series of English and Scottish statutes, namely the Claim of Right Act 1689, the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701,[3][33][34] but Jacobites did not accept their validity.[37][38] The tables below set out the male-preference primogeniture line of succession, unaltered by those statutes.
Restore Czech-Bohemia Royalty – Now!
Posted on February 17, 2022 by Royal Rosamond Press
Party seeks to restore monarchy
DECEMBER 19, 2007
Koruna Ćeská would rebuild the ancient Czech Kingdom
Former Prime Minister Miloš Zeman called them “one of the parties that could fit in an elevator.” Social Democrat Party Chairman Jiří Paroubek once referred to them as “not even small fish, but plankton.”
The members of Koruna Česká, a national party that wants to transform the government into a constitutional monarchy, are used to condescendence.
But, with between 400 and 500 members and government representation in four municipalities, Koruna Česká is not just some farcical movement.
“We’re not satirists, and we’re not some virtual party,” says party Chairman Václav Srb. “We’re simply the political embodiment of a movement to reunify the historic territories of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia under the Czech crown.”
Today, the crown jewels of the old Czech kingdom are locked away by seven keys, asleep in a secured chamber within the St. Vitus Cathedral. But if Srb and his fellow party members have their way, the storied St. Václav crown — the very same headpiece conceived by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV in the 14th century — would once again adorn the head of a Czech monarch.
Koruna Česká was founded in 1990 as the reincarnation of České děti, a monarchist movement that sprang up in the revolutionary atmosphere of 1988. That year, the dissident members of České děti published a manifesto advocating the renewal of the Czech kingdom, which was reprinted by communist newspaper Rudé právo in an effort to discredit the group. “By showing the public that the dissidents had become monarchists, the comrades wanted to prove that [the dissidents] had gone completely insane,” Srb says. “However, it had the opposite effect.”
By publishing key passages of the manifesto, Rudé právo brought the movement to the attention of dozens of like-minded individuals who had previously thought they were alone in their views. In 1991, over 400 people filled the Realistické (now Švandovo) theatre in Smíchov for Koruna Česká’s first official assembly. “Until then, each of us thought that we were isolated in our persuasion,” Srb says. “Every monarchist was therefore pleasantly surprised to learn that there were more of us who had found the same solution.”
Czech monarchists raise money to give the grandson of the last King of Bohemia a crown
The Association for the Restoration of the Czech Kingdom has raised money to make a copy of the St. Wenceslas Crown for Charles Habsburg. The grandson of the last Austrian Emperor Charles I, who was also the king of Bohemia and Hungary, will celebrate his 60th birthday on January 11.
Charles Habsburg is unlikely to ascend the throne in the Czech Republic anytime soon, but his chances of getting the St. Wenceslas Crown for his birthday are considerable. If he is willing to settle for a copy, that is. The gift to order was made by the Turnov jeweler Jiří Urban and commissioned by the Association for the Restoration of the Czech Kingdom – a small group of enthusiastic monarchists who feel that the nation would fare much better under a monarch.
Party seeks to restore monarchy – Prague Post
Koruna Česká (party) – Wikipedia
The Czech-Republican is a member of NATO and the Ukraine is not. Any attack upon Czechoslovakia, will be met with NATO forces. We are in a information war with Russia. Putin is motivated by his desire to see the Romanov Empire restored.
Virginia is kin to Empress Zita and I descend from the Sensheim-Schwarzenbergs via my Rosamond family in America. The Free World can help build a Royal Mountain
This was meant to be! So be it!
John Presco
Virginia Hambley is kin to Empress Zita
Posted on October 8, 2013 by Royal Rosamond Press
Stuart pretenders[edit]
The Stuarts who claimed the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland as pretenders after 1688 were:
| Claimant, lifespan and dates of claim | Portrait | Basis of claim |
|---|---|---|
| James II & VII (1633–1701) 11 December 1688[b] – 16 September 1701[2] | James lawfully succeeded his brother, Charles II, to the throne on 6 February 1685, as Charles did not have any legitimate children.[41][42] When James fled the country in 1688, the English Parliament declared that he had abdicated[2] and the Scottish Convention of Estates declared he had forfeited his crown.[4] However, James and his supporters denied that he had abdicated[3] and claimed that the declaration of forfeiture had been by an illegal Scottish Convention.[38] They maintained that James continued to be the rightful king.[43] | |
| James Francis Edward Stuart (1688–1766) (“James III & VIII”)[13][44] (“The Old Pretender”) 16 September 1701 – 1 January 1766[13] | Upon James II & VII’s death in 1701, James, called the Old Pretender by his detractors, as James II/VII’s only surviving legitimate son,[45] inherited his father’s claim.[46] | |
| Charles Edward Stuart (1720–1788) (“Charles III”)[13][44] (“The Young Pretender“) (“Bonnie Prince Charlie“) 1 January 1766 – 31 January 1788[47] | Upon the death of James, the “Old Pretender”, in 1766, Charles, as James’s eldest son, assumed his claim to the throne.[47] | |
| Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807) (“Henry IX & I”)[44][48] (“Cardinal Duke of York”) 31 January 1788 – 13 July 1807[49] | Henry used the title of Duke of York that his father bestowed on him. Upon Charles Edward Stuart’s death in 1788, Henry, as Charles’s only brother, was the last surviving legitimate descendant of James II/VII.[49] The Pope did not recognise his claim to the British throne. |
Subsequent succession[edit]
Upon the extinction of the Royal Stuart line with the death of Henry, Cardinal of York, and applying male-preference primogeniture unaltered by the Act of Settlement 1701, the succession would have passed to the individuals named in the table below. However, unlike the Stuart pretenders, none of them has claimed the British throne (or the thrones of England, Scotland or Ireland) or incorporated the arms of these countries in their coats-of-arms.[26] Nevertheless, since the 19th century, there have been small groups advocating the restoration of the Jacobite succession to the throne.[30][50][51]
| Descendant, lifespan and dates as heir-general of the Stuart pretenders[c] | Portrait | Relationship to predecessor in line of succession (primogeniture) | House |
|---|---|---|---|
| Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1751–1818) (“Charles IV”)[52] 13 July 1807 – 6 October 1819[53] | Senior surviving descendant of Henry Cardinal of York’s great aunt, Henrietta of Orleans, who was the youngest sister of James II/VII.[54][55] Henry had died childless and no other legitimate descendants of James II/VII survived.[49][55] As at Henry’s death, there were no surviving siblings of James II/VII or their legitimate descendants, except the descendants of Henrietta.[55] | Savoy | |
| Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1759–1824) (“Victor”)[52] 6 October 1819 – 10 January 1824[53] | Next eldest brother of his predecessor, Charles Emmanuel, who had died childless.[56] | ||
| Maria Beatrice of Savoy (1792–1840) (“Mary II”[52] or “Mary III”[57])[d] 10 January 1824 – 15 September 1840[58] | Eldest surviving daughter of her predecessor, Victor Emmanuel, who had no surviving sons.[59] | ||
| Francis V, Duke of Modena (1819–1875) (“Francis I”)[52][57] 15 September 1840 – 20 November 1875[60] | Eldest son of his predecessor, Maria Beatrice.[61] | Austria-Este | |
| Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919) (“Mary III”[52] or “Mary IV”[57])[d] 20 November 1875 – 3 February 1919[62] | Niece of her predecessor, Francis, who died childless. She was the only child of Francis’s only brother, Ferdinand, who had pre-deceased Francis.[56][63] | ||
| Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria (1869–1955) (“Robert I & IV”)[52] 3 February 1919 – 2 August 1955[64] | Eldest son of his predecessor, Maria Theresa.[65] | Wittelsbach | |
| Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria (1905–1996) (“Albert”)[51] 2 August 1955 – 8 July 1996[66] | Eldest surviving son of his predecessor, Rupprecht.[67] | ||
| Franz, Duke of Bavaria (born 1933) (“Francis II”)[30] 8 July 1996 – present | Eldest son of his predecessor, Albrecht.[67][68] |
- The heir presumptive would be the present holder’s younger brother, Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria (born 1937).
- Prince Max’s heir presumptive would be his eldest daughter Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein (born 1967)
- The next heir-in-line would be her eldest son Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein (born 1995).[68]
- Prince Max’s heir presumptive would be his eldest daughter Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein (born 1967)
I Am The King of America
Posted on January 22, 2022 by Royal Rosamond Press
The majority of Americans do not believe our Democracy – is a democracy! Republicans are subverting the way we vote!
John
https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/06/us/capitol-riot-paths-to-insurrection/
Among the records that Donald Trump’s lawyers tried to shield from Jan. 6 investigators are a draft executive order that would have directed the defense secretary to seize voting machines and a document titled “Remarks on National Healing.”
POLITICO has reviewed both documents. The text of the draft executive order is published here for the first time.
The executive order — which also would have appointed a special counsel to probe the 2020 election — was never issued. The remarks are a draft of a speech Trump gave the next day. Together, the two documents point to the wildly divergent perspectives of White House advisers and allies during Trump’s frenetic final weeks in office.https://007d9e9aea49e2c57af88cbbc64ad7b1.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html
It’s not clear who wrote either document. But the draft executive order is dated Dec. 16, 2020, and is consistent with proposals that lawyer Sidney Powell made to the then-president. On Dec. 18, 2020, Powell, former Trump national security adviser Michael Flynn, former Trump administration lawyer Emily Newman, and former Overstock.com CEO Patrick Byrne met with Trump in the Oval Office.
In that meeting, Powell urged Trump to seize voting machines and to appoint her as a special counsel to investigate the election, according to Axios.
A spokesperson for the House’s Jan. 6 select committee confirmed earlier Friday that the panel had received the last of the documents that Trump’s lawyers tried to keep under wraps and later declined to comment for this story on these two documents.
The draft executive order
The draft executive order shows that the weeks between Election Day and the Capitol attack could have been even more chaotic than they were. It credulously cites conspiracy theories about election fraud in Georgia and Michigan, as well as debunked notions about Dominion voting machines.
The order empowers the defense secretary to “seize, collect, retain and analyze all machines, equipment, electronically stored information, and material records required for retention under” a U.S. law that relates to preservation of election records. It also cites a lawsuit filed in 2017 against Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger.
Additionally, the draft order would have given the defense secretary 60 days to write an assessment of the 2020 election. That suggests it could have been a gambit to keep Trump in power until at least mid-February of 2021.
The full text of the never-issued executive order can be read here.
The King of California
Posted on January 26, 2015 by Royal Rosamond Press
Last night CNN aired an excellent program on the 60s, the best I have ever seen. This show covered my history. In 1963 I hitchhiked to New York and lived in the East and West Village for nine months. I would listen to the Folk Singers in Washington Square. We Atlanteans created and declared ourselves a New Reality. The reality that replaced us Atlanteans, sucks!
Because the Evangelical Loons of John Darby have taken over the Congress and Senate, and have taken steps to create the False Kingdom of their Fake Jesus, it is imperative that I regenerate, and raise from the dead, the Atlantean Culture, that was given the name Hippies. Their name, for our movement, is no longer applicable. Because the conservative crazies are not going to return to reality any time soon, let us go forth with a new vision for a real democracy.
My kindred were Real Patriots! We were trailblazers who captured the Oregon Territory from Britain, and California from the Habsburgs. I am a Cultural King. My role is to taunt and ridicule members of the End Time cult, making sure their influence on this democracy is ineffective. These loons are boring us to death! The American Economy is based upon Adventure and Fun, and not on shaming women with ultrasound devices shoved in their vaginas. Get rid of America’s Taliban! vote those prigs out of office!
Above is a photograph of Virginian Hambley who longed to be a hippie like her older sister Caroline. She took the photo of me that appears on the Eugene Abuser site. Virginia had proposed to me that evening. She is kin to Empress Zita who was the Queen of Bohemia.
When I met my future wife to be, Mary Ann Tharaldsen, the ex-wife of Thomas Pynchon, I showed her over a hundred drawings I did of Atlantis. She had majored in architecture at Cornell. She told me my vision was worthy of a thesis.
My great ancestor was mention alongside Thomas Moore in a letter written Great Erasmus who titled the Swan Brethren a heresy. My Dutch Rosemondt/Rover kindred were members. In the spirit of Emperor Norton, it is time to found a New Amsterdam in the West. Bensalem is a possible name for this new nation.
I do not want to be King of People, but King of an Ideal, a Utopian Dream that I can see! I only want to show you this place and empower creative people with a vision.
Virginia broke off our engagement, but we remain dear friends. We may discuss marriage again – in the future!
Jon Presco
King of California
King of the Bohemian
Emperor of the Atlanteans
Joshua Abraham Norton (c. 1817-1819[2] – January 8, 1880), known as Emperor Norton, was a celebrated citizen of San Francisco, California who in 1859 proclaimed himself “Norton I, Emperor of the United States”[3] and subsequently “Protector of Mexico“.[4]
Though some considered him insane or eccentric,[8] citizens of San Francisco celebrated his regal presence and his proclamations, most famously, his order that the United States Congress be dissolved by force and his numerous decrees calling for a bridge crossing and a tunnel to be built under San Francisco Bay. Similar structures were built long after his death in the form of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Transbay Tube,[9] and there have been campaigns to rename the bridge “The Emperor Norton Bridge“.
The term “utopia” (from “no place”) was coined by Sir Thomas More in Utopia, his 16th Century work of fiction.[53] Inspired by Plato‘s Atlantis and travelers’ accounts of the Americas, More described an imaginary land set in the New World.[54] His idealistic vision established a connection between the Americas and utopian societies, a theme which was further solidified by Sir Francis Bacon in The New Atlantis (c. 1623).[52] Bacon describes a utopian society that he called “Bensalem,” located off the western coast of America. A character in the narrative gives a history of Atlantis that is similar to Plato’s and places Atlantis in America. People had begun believing that the Mayan and Aztec ruins could possibly be the remnants of Atlantis.[53]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Norton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the wife of Emperor Charles of Austria. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Croatia, and Queen of Bohemia.
On October 1, 2013 on the day the Government of the United States ceased to exist due to the successful take-over of our Democracy by the Tea Party secessionists, I, John Presco, proposed to, Virginia Hambley de Bourmont, and she accepted.
With this proposal, I presented to my fiancé the Louisianans Territory as held by her illustrious French Ancestors.
Let it be known, that on this day, October 2, 2013, that I John Gregory Presco lay claim to the California and the Oregon Territory as it was known to my illustrious ancestors the Benton and Fremont family, who egregiously ignored the Constitution and the Economic Idealogy of Jeane-Baptise Say, who married into the de Bourmont Anjou family, who are this very day trying to restore the Monarchy of France. Good luck!
I believe the only chance the Orlean de Anjou claimants have, is to back the New Found Kingdoms in America that take in most of the land west of the Missouri River – that was illegally taken by the ideology of ‘Manifest Destiny’ as promoted by my kindred, Senator Thomas Hart Benton. Now that this democracy ceases to exist, I hereby make null and void the purchase of the Oregon Territory from Britain.
Let it be known, that I, the rightful King of California and Oregon, will return California to Mexico and the Mexican People, if they back my claim, and make my bride-to-be and her beloved kindred – the Titular and Dynastic Rulers of the New Kingdom of California-Mexico!
It is my desire to see my kindred merrily taking part in all festivities these great people are known for, with pomp, and royal flare that will be paid for by the Mexican people via a Royal Tax. This is a small price to pay for solving half of the immigration problem.
Sincerely
John Presco
Titular King of Oregon and California
P.S. also let it be known I am the Rightful Leader of the Republican Party – in exile!
https://rosamondpress.wordpress.com/2012/10/20/i-am-rightful-heir-to-republican-party/
https://rosamondpress.wordpress.com/2013/07/14/fremonts-radical-republicans/
https://rosamondpress.wordpress.com/2013/09/17/de-bourmont-anjou-legitimists/
https://rosamondpress.wordpress.com/2013/06/04/jessie-ann-benton-fremont/
During the reign of the third Bourbon king of Spain, Charles III (1759-88), the Bourbons introduced important reforms at home and in the colonies. To modernize Mexico, higher taxes and more direct military control seemed to be necessary; to effect these changes, the government reorganized the political structure of New Spain into twelve intendencias , each headed by an intendente under a single commandant general in Mexico City, who was independent of the viceroy and reported directly to the king.
The economic reforms were directed primarily at the mining and trade sectors. Miners were given fueros and were allowed to organize themselves into a guild. Commerce was liberalized by allowing most Spanish ports to trade with the colonies, thus destroying the old monopoly held by the merchants of the Spanish port of Cádiz.
The Bourbon reforms changed the character of New Spain by revising governmental and economic structures. The reforms also prompted renewed migration of Spaniards to the colonies to occupy newly created government and military positions. At the same time, commerce, both legal and illegal, was growing, and independent merchants were also welcomed. The new monied classes of miners and merchants were the real promoters of the successes of the reforms enacted by the Bourbons.
Data as of June 1996
The beginning of the eighteenth century in Spain coincided with the crowning of Spain’s first Bourbon king. Under the Habsburgs, Spain had been ruined by wars abroad and conflicts at home. The new Bourbon administration that assumed power in 1707 was determined to effect structural changes in Spain’s government and the economy to centralize power in the monarch. The colonies also received increased attention, mainly in terms of their defense and the reorganization of their economies.
Read more at http://www.mongabay.com/history/mexico/mexico-the_bourbon_reforms_the_road_to_independence.html#C3BzYCoosbPZMFa6.99
The House of Bourbon-Parma (Italian: Casa di Borbone di Parma) is an Italian cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. It is thus descended from the Capetian dynasty in male line. The name of Bourbon-Parma comes from the main name (Bourbon) and the other (Parma) from the title of Duke of Parma. The title was held by the Spanish Bourbons as the founder was the great-grandson of Duke Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma.
Since 1964 a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon-Parma rules Luxembourg as Grand Duke.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Parma
Louise Marie Thérèse d’Artois (Louise Marie Thérèse; 21 September 1819 – 1 February 1864) was a duchess and later a regent of Parma. She was the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of King Charles X of France and his wife Carolina of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies.
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the wife of Emperor Charles of Austria. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Croatia, and Queen of Bohemia.
Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles became heir presumptive to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1914 after the assassination of his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the old emperor’s death.
After the end of World War I in 1918, the Habsburgs were deposed when the new countries of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were formed. Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and later Madeira, where Charles died in 1922. After her husband’s death, Zita and her son Otto served as the symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Catholic, she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29, and never remarried.
Asteroid 689 Zita is named in her honour.
Rosamond Press 
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