Some Turnverein were Socialists’. https://rosamondpress.com/2019/08/17/a-jewish-sharp-shooter/
This is another book I got to write!
Jon
https://rosamondpress.com/2016/06/22/the-integrated-turner-community/
Muscular Judaism (German: Muskeljudentum) is a term coined by Max Nordau in his speech at the Second Zionist Congressheld in Basel on August 28, 1898. In his speech he spoke about the need to design the “new Jew” and reject the “old Jew“, with the mental and physical strength to achieve the goals of Zionism. Nordau saw Muscular Judaism as an answer to Judennot(“Jewish distress“).[1]
The term refers to the cultivation of mental and physical properties, such as mental and physical strengths, agility and discipline, which all will be necessary for the national revival of the Jewish people. The characteristics of the muscular Jews are the exact opposite, an antithesis, of the Diaspora Jew, especially in Eastern Europe, as shown in the anti-Semitic
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