‘Modern Day Desperate Romantics’

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My friend Ben Toney and I can be titled ‘Modern Day Desperate Romantics’. Ben is more reluctant to beat his own drum, than I, and thus I have been pounding his drum – more loudly – of late! It is not polite to do this yourself. Long ago, I left politeness at the door, and ventured forth into the Great Hallway of Greatness. I felt the Eyes of the Reluctant upon me. But, here come a Sinclair or two rushing past me to crate and rubber stamp all the Gargoyles.

“It’s off to Scotland with ya – Lads!”

We are not long for the world. No kitty feet in the London Fog for us.  We have made too much noise. We have awoken the Dead. No fading of the light and going into the good night  – if I can help it! There is enough light for a handful. But, don’t rush the door. We all want to be immortal. We all want to live forever. Most of us know what the alternative is.

Here are two movies about the Pre-Raphaelites. In 969, I declared myself a Pre-Raphaelite, revived the Brotherhood, and went looking for new members. There is a Pre-Raphalite Sisterhood. When my sister, Christine Rosamond Benton, saw the painting of my Muse, she took up art and became the world famous ‘Rosamond’. As fate would have it, Ben Toney is kin to Fair Rosamond Clifford.

http://www.radiolondon.co.uk/rl/bentoney/bookp1.html

Last Monday I sent off Ben’s London Radio to a City Manager. My goal is to affix Ben’s name to a radio tower in our town. Joaquin Miller had dinner with Dante Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelites, Miller was the editor for Eugene’s first newspaper, and, his brother, George Miller,platted Fairmont and Florence. This manager wants this history up in bright lights. I will show him this blog. We are talking about a permanent Archive. We want Artists, Poets, and Desperate Dreamers to make their way into our Labyrinth Walk. We want the world to come search Rosamond’s Bower for our Fair Lady. Dante used Fanny Cornforth as his model for Rosamond Clifford. Here is a true ‘Hands Across the Water’.

Ben and I were in the Vanguard of the Love Generation that is for the moment in decline. But, when you study genealogies and history, with forays into the basement, the attic, and the old family dungeon, we get revivals – in the future! Human History is not going anywhere, nor is it being replaced by something – completely different every month. Romantics yet to be born may wonder where it all came from. They will go looking for the Genesis of Love.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llu-JuDe540&feature=player_embedded

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Clifford_(died_1190)

According to Eyton, he succeeded to the estates of his uncles Walter and Drogo. These two brothers figure in Domesday as the possessors of lands in Herefordshire,Berkshire, and other counties. His father Richard seems to have died between 1115 and 1138, in which latter year we find ‘Walter de Cliffort’ signing a Gloucester charter. He reappears under the same name in 1155.

He probably obtained the barony of Clifford, from his wife Margaret, asserted to be the daughter of Raoul II of Tosny, feudal lord of Flamstead, who is shown, in 1086, as ‘tenant-in-chief’ of this fee, the multiple lords being listed as Drogo (son of Poyntz); Gilbert (son of Turold); Herbert; and Roger. (A second listing for Clifford in Doomsday shows Roger de Lacy, as lord and tenant-in-chief, of a small portion of this barony, being taxed on 4 carucates)

Dante’s Inferno: The Private Life of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Poet and Painter (1967) is a feature-length 35mm film directed by Ken Russell and first screened on the BBC on 22 December 1967 as part of Omnibus. It quickly became a staple in cinemas in retrospectives of Russell’s work. It tells of the relationship between the 19th-century artist and poetDante Gabriel Rossetti and his model, Elizabeth Siddal.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Romantics

The series was inspired by and takes its title from Franny Moyle‘s factual book about the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood,Desperate Romantics: The Private Lives Of The Pre-Raphaelites.[2]

Moyle, a former commissioning editor for the arts at the BBC,[3] approached writer Peter Bowker with the book, believing it could form the basis of an interesting television drama.[4] Although Bowker had a self-confessed “horror of dramatised art biography”, he felt that Moyle’s book offered something different, viewing the Brotherhood’s art largely through the filter of their tangled love lives.[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_Clifford

In 1997 I read ‘Fair Rosamond a study of the development of a literary theme’
by Virgil B. Heltzel.

This book listed around 160 poems, novels, novelettes, and plays where Rosamond Clifford ‘Rose of the World’ is the subject. In the Templar groups I was evicted from, I claimed I was only studying my family geneology – our rosy theme – and did not subscribe to the Sinclair claim, only that I had married Maryann Thoraldsen, who was kin to Eric the Red and Leif Ericson, via from Thorvald Asvaldsson which my wife’s maiden names stems. I submitted this Literary Thema as evidence in Christine Rosamond Benton’s probate, that I was the one destined to carry on the search for our Rose Line Grail – that some say is a bloodline! Fair Rosamond descends from Vikings.

Thorvald Asvaldsson (Old Norse: Þōrvaldr Āsvaldsson) was the father of the colonizer of Greenland, Erik the Red, and grandfather of Leif Ericson, who visited North America centuries before Christopher Columbus. Thorvald’s father was Asvald Ulfsson, whose father was Ulf Oxen-Thorisson, whose father was Oxen-Thorir, brother of Naddodd, discoverer of Iceland.

Thorvald Asvaldsson was born in Norway. He was exiled from Norway c. 960, during the reign of King Harald Fairhair, because he had committed murder. He fled with his son Erik to northwest Iceland, where he died before 980.

Rosamund Clifford (before 1150 – c. 1176), often called “The Fair Rosamund” or the “Rose of the World”, was famed for her beauty and was a mistress of King Henry II of England, famous in English folklore.
Rosamund was the daughter of the marcher lord Walter de Clifford and his wife Margaret Isobel de Tosny (referred to as “de Toeni” on the Page of her husband, Walter de Clifford). Walter was originally known as Walter Fitz Richard, but his name was gradually changed to that of his major holding, first as steward, then as lord. This was Clifford Castle on the River Wye.
Rosamund had two sisters, Amice and Lucy. Amice married Osbern fitz Hugh of Richard’s Castle and Lucy Hugh de Say of Stokesay. She also had three brothers, Walter II de Clifford, Richard and Gilbert.
Rosamund probably first met the King when he passed by Clifford Castle in 1163 during one of his campaigns in Wales against Rhys ap Gruffydd.
Her name, Rosamund, may have been influenced by the Latin phrase rosa mundi, which means “rose of the world.”[1]

This chapter exposes the dragon bloodline more than a thousand years after Jesus Prophesied/Ordained the destruction of Jerusalem. It shows that the Rus were part and parcel with the Franks in forming the Templars, and this supports my findings that Franks and Russians were from the same stock of peoples: the Redones. It’s up to you to decide whether the Templars came to inhabit the city in His good will, or whether they were attempting to do their own. My mind is definitely made up.

The so-called “Rose Line” has been said to be the bloodline of Jesus Christ (via intimate relations with Mary Magdalene) that, through the centuries, came to produce the three brothers above. I don’t believe the Jesus-and-Magdalene part of the claim, of course, which is thought to be a claim peculiar to the Merovingians, but I do believe that the Rose Line existed. I’m not so sure that these French brothers had as much to do with the Line as others did, namely the descendants of Rollo the Viking. I have not heard of anyone attaching the Rose Line or the Rosicrucians to the Scandinavians, which is why I view it as a Ros Line; keep in mind, therefore, as you read this chapter, that it’s my personal theory/discovery. It’s a key that led me to discover the deepest roots of the Rosicrucians.

One could therefore conjecture that the ultimate Norman purpose in the heart of the Mediterranean was to pave an eastward Norman road to Jerusalem…and that the first Crusade (1096) was spurred first and foremost by that Norman agenda. The rising up of the Bouillon circle of French fighters then becomes a competitive response to the Norman vision.
In this light, I can make a suggestion to all who perceive the Rose Line as stemming through the Merovingian Franks (i.e. to the De Bouillon family): that’s only a part of the story, while another part is the Scandinavian right to the Rose-Line agenda, just as much or more than the Merovingians. Those who would buck against this suggestion should know that the Merovingians worshipped Odin and other gods worshiped by the Scandinavians. That is, both peoples shared the same roots.
The Viking army settled in southern Italy had attacked the papal powers and the Byzantine empire virtually all at once, and this seems a strike at world rulership. Guiscard had defeated the Vatican (1053) but thereafter made peace with a new Pope in order to have little to fear in Italy while waging war in Byzantine regions. Back in the north, other Normans were active militarily and were proving quite successful in Britain and on the French mainland. Had the Byzantines not made an alliance with the Varangian Rus of proto-Russia (who were themselves from Sweden), the Scandinavians just may have conquered the world at that time. As it turned out, the Varangian Rus fought against the Italian Normans on behalf of the Byzantines.

http://www.tribwatch.com/roslin.htm

Raoul II de Tosny[1] seigneur de Conches-en-Ouche[2] (died 1102) was a Norman nobleman of the house of Tosny, son of Roger I of Tosny. He was active in Normandy, England and Wales.

Contents
[hide]
1 Victor at Hastings in 1066
2 Marriage
3 In England
4 Family
5 Notes
6 References
[edit] Victor at Hastings in 1066
He is one of the very few proven Companions of William the Conqueror known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.[3]. Tradition says he gave up the role of standard bearer, his hereditary office, to Walter Giffard, in order to be able to fight closer to William, duke of Normandy.[4]
[edit] Marriage
He married Isabel de Montfort, daughter of Simon I de Montfort. There was a feud with Guillaume d’Evreux and his wife Helvise de Nevers, recorded by Ordericus Vitalis.[5] This came to open war in 1091–92, when Guillaume attacked Conches. A settlement was reached.[6] They later co-operated in attacking Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester’s county of Meulan.
[edit] In England
He had widely spread holdings, as recorded in the Domesday Survey. His seat was at Flamstead in Hertfordshire.[7] He held Clifford Castle.It is also believed that he held assets in the village of Hose, Leicestershire which was split into two manors, Tosny’s and that of the title holder of the Norman Belvoir Castle.
[edit] Family
Robert de Stafford was his brother.
His second son, Raoul III de Conches, was his surviving heir. He married Alice of Huntingdon, daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria and Judith of Lens.[8]
His daughter Godehilde married Baldwin I of Jerusalem.

Descendants of HALFDAN “the Aged” Sveidasson (c.762-c.800)

First Generation

1. Halfdan “the Aged” Sveidasson, Jarl of Oppland,1 2 3 son of Sveidi Svidrasson, was born about 762 in Oppland, (Norway) and died about 800 about age 38.
Research Notes: Source: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr, ed. by William R. Beall & Kaleen E. Beall (Baltimore, 2008), line 121E-14
Halfdan married someone.
His child was:
+ 2 M    i. Ivar Halfdansson, Jarl of Oppland 3 4 5 was born about 783 in Oppland, (Norway).
Second Generation

2. Ivar Halfdansson, Jarl of Oppland 3 4 5 (Halfdan “the Aged”, Jarl of Oppland1) was born about 783 in Oppland, (Norway).
Birth Notes: Ancestral Roots has fl. 800;http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f50/a0025008.htm has b. 783
Research Notes: Fl. abt. 800

Source: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr, ed. by William R. Beall & Kaleen E. Beall (Baltimore, 2008), line 121E-15
Ivar married Eysteinsdatter 6 about 824. < was born about 785 in Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag, (Norway).
The child from this marriage was:
+ 3 M    i. Eystein “Glumra” Ivarsson, Jarl of Oppland 6 7 8 9 was born about 800 in .
Third Generation

3. Eystein “Glumra” Ivarsson, Jarl of Oppland 6 7 8 9 (Ivar, Jarl of Oppland2, Halfdan “the Aged”, Jarl of Oppland1) was born about 800 in .
Birth Notes: http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f50/a0025002.htm has b. 810.
Research Notes: Source: Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr, ed. by William R. Beall & Kaleen E. Beall (Baltimore, 2008), line 121E-16. “EYSTEIN GLUMRA, Jarl of the Uplands, abt. 830, sd. to have fathered two known children: Swanhild, who m. HARALD (243A-17) King of Norway, and RAGNVALD I”
Eystein married Aseda Rognvaldsdatter.9 10 Aseda was born about 804 in .
Children from this marriage were:
+ 4 M    i. Ragnvald Eysteinsson, Earl of Møre 9 11 12 13 was born before 867 in Oppland, (Norway), died in 890 in Orkney, Orkney Islands, Scotland, and was buried in 893.
+ 5 F    ii. Swanhild
+ 6 M    iii. Sigurd Eysteinsson 14 was born about 832 in Maer, Nord-Trondelag, Norway.
+ 7 M    iv. Malahule Eysteinsson 6 15 was born about 845 in Maer, Nord-Trondelag, Norway.
+ 8 F    v. Svanhild Eysteinsdatter 16 was born about 850 in .
Fourth Generation

4. Ragnvald Eysteinsson, Earl of Møre 9 11 12 13 (Eystein “Glumra”, Jarl of Oppland3, Ivar, Jarl of Oppland2, Halfdan “the Aged”, Jarl of Oppland1) was born before 867 in Oppland, (Norway), died in 890 in Orkney, Orkney Islands, Scotland, and was buried in 893.
Birth Notes: http://www.smokykin.com/ged/f002/f00/a0020082.htm has b. 857, of Upland, Denmark.
Research Notes: Jarl of North and South Møre, and of Ramsdal in Norway.
Parentage uncertain.

From Wikipedia – Rognvald Eysteinsson :

Rognvald “The Wise” Eysteinsson (son of Eystein Ivarsson ) is the founder of the Earldom of Orkney in the Norse Sagas . Three quite different accounts of the creation of the Norse earldom on Orkney and Shetland exist. The best known is that found in the Heimskringla , but other older traditions are found in the Historia Norvegiae and the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland .

Sagas
The saga accounts are the best known, and the latest, of the three surviving traditions concerning Rognvald and the foundation of the Earldom of Orkney. Recorded in the 13th century, their views are informed by Norwegian politics of the day. Once, historians could write that no-one denied the reality of Harald Fairhair ‘s expeditions to the west recounted in Heimskringla, but this is no longer the case. The Norwegian contest with the Kings of Scots over the Hebrides and the Isle of Man in the middle 13th century underlies the sagas.[1]

In the Heimskringla, Rognvald is Earl of Møre . He accompanies Harald Fairhair on his great expeditions to the west, to Ireland and to Scotland . Here, Rognvald’s son Ivarr is killed. In compensation King Harald grants Rognvald Orkney and Shetland. Rognvald himself returns to Norway , giving the northern isles to his brother Sigurd Eysteinsson .[2]

The Heimskringla recounts other tales of Rognvald. It tells how he causes Harald Finehair to be given his byname Fairhair by cutting and dressing his hair, which had been uncut for ten years on account of Harald’s vow never to cut it until he was ruler of all Norway,[3] and it makes him the father of Ganger-Hrólf, identified by saga writers with the Rollo (Hrólfr), ancestor of the Dukes of Normandy , who was said to have been established as Count of Rouen by King Charles the Simple in 931.[4]

Earl Rognvald is killed by Harald’s son Halfdan Hålegg. Rognvald’s death is avenged by his son, Earl Turf-Einar , from whom later Orkney earls claimed descent, who kills Halfdan on North Ronaldsay .[5]

Historia Norvegiae
The Historia Norvegiae’s account of Rognvald and the foundation of the Orkney earldom is the next oldest, probably dating from the 12th century. This account contains much curious detail on Orkney, including the earliest account of the Picts as small people who hid in the daytime, but it has little to say about Rognvald.

In the days of Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, certain pirates, of the family of the most vigorous prince Ronald [Rognvald], set out with a great fleet, and crossed the Solundic sea…, and subdued the islands to themselves. And being there provided with safe winter seats, they went in summer-time working tyranny upon the English, and the Scots, and sometimes also upon the Irish, so that they took under their rule, from England, Northumbria ; from Scotland, Caithness ; from Ireland, Dublin , and the other sea-side towns.[6]
This account does not associate Rognvald with the earldom, but instead attributes it to his anonymous kinfolk.

Fragmentary Annals of Ireland

The oldest account of the Rognvald and the earldom of Orkney is that found in the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland. The annals survive only in incomplete copies made by Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh in the 17th century, but the original annals are believed to date from the lifetime of Donnchad mac Gilla Pátraic (died 1039). The annals are known to have had an influence on later writings in Iceland .

The annals make Rognvald the son of “Halfdan, King of Lochlann “. This is generally understood to mean Halfdan the Black , which would make the Rognvald of the annals the brother of Harald Finehair. However, the sagas claim that Rognvald’s grandfather was named Halfdan.[7]

These events are placed after an account of the devastation of Fortriu , dated to around 866,[8] and the fall of York, reliably dated to late 867. However, such an early date makes it difficult to reconcile the saga claims that Harald Fairhair was involved in Rognvald’s conquest of the northern isles.

Harald Finehair’s victory in the Battle of Hafrsfjord , which gave him dominion over parts of Norway, is traditionally dated to 872, but was probably later, perhaps as late as 900.[9] What little is known of Scottish events in the period from the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba would correspond equally well with Harald’s attacks on Scotland in the reign of Domnall mac Causantín (ruled 889-900).[10] However, this would not correspond with the sequence in the earliest account of the origins of the Orkney earldom, which places this a generation earlier.
Ragnvald married Ragnhild Hrolfsdatter 17 18 19 about 867 in Maer, Nord-Trondelag, Norway. Ragnhild was born about 857 in .
Birth Notes: FamilySearch has b. abt 848, Orkney Islands, Scotland.

Children from this marriage were:
+ 9 M    i. Rollo Duke of Normandy 20 21 22 23 was born between 860 and 870 in , died about 929 in , Normandy, Neustria (France), and was buried in Notre Dame, Rouen, Normandy, (France).
+ 10 M    ii. Einar “Torf” Rögnvaldsson, Earl of Orkney 19 24 was born about 852 in and died after 920 in Orkney, Orkney Islands, Scotland.
5. Swanhild (Eystein “Glumra”, Jarl of Oppland3, Ivar, Jarl of Oppland2, Halfdan “the Aged”, Jarl of Oppland1)
6. Sigurd Eysteinsson 14 (Eystein “Glumra”, Jarl of Oppland3, Ivar, Jarl of Oppland2, Halfdan “the Aged”, Jarl of Oppland1) was born about 832 in Maer, Nord-Trondelag, Norway.
7. Malahule Eysteinsson 6 15 (Eystein “Glumra”, Jarl of Oppland3, Ivar, Jarl of Oppland2, Halfdan “the Aged”, Jarl of Oppland1) was born about 845 in Maer, Nord-Trondelag, Norway.
Malahule married someone.
His child was:
+ 11 M    i. Hugh de Cavalcamp 6 was born about 890 in .
8. Svanhild Eysteinsdatter 16 (Eystein “Glumra”, Jarl of Oppland3, Ivar, Jarl of Oppland2, Halfdan “the Aged”, Jarl of Oppland1) was born about 850 in .
Svanhild married Harald I “Fairhair” Halfdansson, King of Norway.16 Harald was born about 850 in , died in 933 about age 83, and was buried in Hauko, Rogaland, Norway.

This chapter exposes the dragon bloodline more than a thousand years after Jesus Prophesied/Ordained the destruction of Jerusalem. It shows that the Rus were part and parcel with the Franks in forming the Templars, and this supports my findings that Franks and Russians were from the same stock of peoples: the Redones. It’s up to you to decide whether the Templars came to inhabit the city in His good will, or whether they were attempting to do their own. My mind is definitely made up.

The so-called “Rose Line” has been said to be the bloodline of Jesus Christ (via intimate relations with Mary Magdalene) that, through the centuries, came to produce the three brothers above. I don’t believe the Jesus-and-Magdalene part of the claim, of course, which is thought to be a claim peculiar to the Merovingians, but I do believe that the Rose Line existed. I’m not so sure that these French brothers had as much to do with the Line as others did, namely the descendants of Rollo the Viking. I have not heard of anyone attaching the Rose Line or the Rosicrucians to the Scandinavians, which is why I view it as a Ros Line; keep in mind, therefore, as you read this chapter, that it’s my personal theory/discovery. It’s a key that led me to discover the deepest roots of the Rosicrucians.

One could therefore conjecture that the ultimate Norman purpose in the heart of the Mediterranean was to pave an eastward Norman road to Jerusalem…and that the first Crusade (1096) was spurred first and foremost by that Norman agenda. The rising up of the Bouillon circle of French fighters then becomes a competitive response to the Norman vision.
In this light, I can make a suggestion to all who perceive the Rose Line as stemming through the Merovingian Franks (i.e. to the De Bouillon family): that’s only a part of the story, while another part is the Scandinavian right to the Rose-Line agenda, just as much or more than the Merovingians. Those who would buck against this suggestion should know that the Merovingians worshipped Odin and other gods worshiped by the Scandinavians. That is, both peoples shared the same roots.
The Viking army settled in southern Italy had attacked the papal powers and the Byzantine empire virtually all at once, and this seems a strike at world rulership. Guiscard had defeated the Vatican (1053) but thereafter made peace with a new Pope in order to have little to fear in Italy while waging war in Byzantine regions. Back in the north, other Normans were active militarily and were proving quite successful in Britain and on the French mainland. Had the Byzantines not made an alliance with the Varangian Rus of proto-Russia (who were themselves from Sweden), the Scandinavians just may have conquered the world at that time. As it turned out, the Varangian Rus fought against the Italian Normans on behalf of the Byzantines.

http://www.tribwatch.com/roslin.htm

About Royal Rosamond Press

I am an artist, a writer, and a theologian.
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1 Response to ‘Modern Day Desperate Romantics’

  1. Reblogged this on rosamondpress and commented:

    I sent this blog to Niel Laudati the Community Relations Manager of the City of Springfield, along with other ideas that include the Miller Brothers and the Pre-Raphaelites. I will now tell him about the amazing connectio I found to Mary White Ovington perhaps THE founder of the NAACP and Women’s movements. I already sent him the threats I recieved, and speak of the monkeys of the wicked witch. Ding! Dong! I have a BOOK – a BIG BOOK. A cyber attack on my blog, that is my newspaper, will bring in the FBI, and guarantee a No.1 Best Seller. nlaudati@springfield-or.gov
    Jul 17 at 11:51 AM

    I composed this with Ben Toney, and the Sinclair family in mind. My friend, Robert Sinclair, has come under attack for being the messenger of a great debauchery and scandal. Perhaps you heard, the Wicked Witch of the North has launched her flying monkeys at me again? But, do not despair. At the end of the Monkey Ark in the Sky – is a smashing good movie! I just put Springfield on the map in regards to famous genealogies – that Dan Brown glommed onto. Just follow the flying monkeys!

    John Presco

    ‘Modern Day Desperate Romantics’

    Influenced by the ideas of William Morris, Ovington joined the Socialist Party of America in 1905, where she met people including A. Philip Randolph, Floyd Dell, Max Eastman and Jack London, who argued that racial problems were as much a matter of class as of race.  Influenced by the ideas of William Morris, Ovington joined the Socialist Party of America in 1905, where she met people including A. Philip Randolph, Floyd Dell, Max Eastman and Jack London, who argued that racial problems were as much a matter of class as of race. She wrote for radical journals and newspapers such as The Masses, New York Evening Post and the New York Call. She also worked with Ray Stannard Baker and influenced the content of his book, Following the Color Line, published in 1908.

    On September 3, 1908 she read an article written by Socialist William English Walling, entitled “Race War in the North” in The Independent. Walling described a massive race riot directed at black residents in the hometown of Abraham Lincoln, Springfield, Illinois that led to seven deaths, the destruction of 40 homes and 24 businesses, and 107 indictments against rioters. Walling ended the article by calling for a powerful body of citizens to come to the aid of blacks. Ovington responded to the article by writing Walling and meeting at his apartment in New York City along with social worker Dr. Henry Moskowitz. The group decided to launch a campaign by issuing a call for a national conference on the civil and political rights of African-Americans on the centennial of Lincoln’s birthday, February 12, 1909.

    Many people responded to the call that eventually led to the formation of the National Negro Committee that held its first meeting in New York on May 31 and June 1, 1909. By May, 1910 the National Negro Committee and attendants, at its second conference, organized a permanent body known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) where Ovington was appointed as its executive secretary. Early members included Josephine Ruffin, Mary Talbert, Mary Church Terrell, Inez Milholland, Jane Addams, George Henry White, W.E.B. Du Bois, Charles Edward Russell, John Dewey, Charles Darrow, Lincoln Steffens, Ray Stannard Baker, Fanny Garrison Villard, Oswald Garrison Villard and Ida B. Wells-Barnett.

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