Discover Russia’s top five national parks and nature reserves which are widely considered as travel destinations for food nature lovers to visit:
The Very Nasty DDD was forced to STOP his Money War On The Word – and the market shot up to 2.330 points! The message of the People of the World, is…
“GET THE FUCK OUT OUR FACE AND BANK ACCOUNTS! MIND YOUR OWN BUSINESS!”
How long does it take a cruise ship to get to Europe, Turkey, and Russia p that has many National Parks. So does Turkey. The New OCCUPY motto is….
“GIVE US WHAT WE WANT!”
Millions of human being all over the beautful world want to go to a National Park, and celebtabrate
BEING ALIVE
To this end, the New OCCUPY will supply everyone who can get to a Oaisis of Beauty
FREE FUCKING EGGS!
The Rangers of Natural Love will hand out carton of eggs at the Love Shacks!
There are a million motor homes that just sit there. OCCUPY will offer Free Love Nests to visitors from all over the world. Not all people want PEACE&QUIET. Therefore I found
GUZZLE, SCREAM AND PUKE PARKS
The Crazy drunken pukes will not be allowed in the Peace and Quiet Parks. They must sign a waver before they enter a GSPP saying no rescue vehicle will come save them. They must take care of each other.like we Peaceful Hippies did at Woodstock.
Mr. Putin. Please resign and allow millions of foreigner to come stay in your National Parks. Allow these Goodwill Ambassadors to GET THEIR WAY, and the world will allow you in its markets! Move Social Services to THE TOP of good things to do. The children of the Veterans of World War Two – made it to the end of their life – without a Third World War. Reward them, and you reward their parents,
GOOD JOB!
Now, let the camfires be lit, and, the smell of coffee – fill the air!
JRP
National Parks
Many parks around the world charge international tourists more than residents. Doing the same here could help fund critical maintenance and conservation needs
•December 21, 2023Table of Contents
Introduction
After surges in visitation over recent decades, America’s national parks are struggling to keep pace with their popularity. Despite the increasing numbers of visitors, the National Park Service budget remains stagnant.1 Today, the park system collectively needs an estimated $22 billion for overdue maintenance and repairs.2 The effects are seen in potholed roads, crumbling bridges, dilapidated campgrounds, failing sewer systems, condemnable employee housing, and countless other deteriorating park assets that have lacked adequate upkeep.
The recreation fee system allows parks to raise revenue that can help meet their growing needs. It has enabled some parks to take part in, if not yet fully realize, their own rescue. One reform, however, could appreciably increase revenue from the fee system: implementing a modest surcharge for international visitors. Approximately 14 million people visit national park sites from other countries annually, or more than one-third of all foreign visitors to the United States.3 If each international visitor to a U.S. national park paid a $25 surcharge, it could raise an estimated $330 million, nearly doubling recreation fee revenue for the park system.4
Crucially, this additional revenue would be dedicated to maintaining ailing parks and improving stewardship of them. The majority of park fee receipts are retained and spent where collected, as superintendents and on-the-ground staff see fit. The model empowers local managers who best know their parks—and the needs they face—to decide how to spend funds. Ultimately, additional fee revenue would help ensure all visitors can continue to enjoy an incredible experience at U.S. parks.
This brief provides an overview of the funding challenges facing U.S. national parks. It then discusses how parks are currently funded, including through the current visitor fee system, and highlights evidence suggesting a surcharge on international visitation could substantially increase park revenue. It also examines how fees are structured for local and foreign visitors at selected parks around the world. Finally, it offers recommendations for tailoring fees for overseas visitors to America’s national parks.5
Until the 1960s only nature reserves (zapovedniks) and zakazniks existed in the Soviet Union, so international experience in creating a form of protected areas intended for tourists to relax and teach them to take care of nature was very important. In 1961, Soviet geographers, headed by Innokenti Gerasimov, director of the Institute of Geography, USSR Academy of Sciences, visited the United States. This trip was an introduction to the USA experience in environmental protection and Soviet scientists visited the Yellowstone National Park and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
After the trip, Innokenti Gerasimov returned to the idea of creating nature parks in the USSR. In 1965 he proposed the creation of a Baikal nature park. A similar natural park was also designed in the Lake Seliger area on the Valdai Hills. In 1966, the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda published an article by Innokenti Gerasimov and Vladimir Preobrazhensky, which discussed the need to create a system of natural parks in the USSR. Natural parks were not just thought of as places for tourists to relax, but also as places to protect animals and plants in areas that park tourists would not be allowed to visit without a guide.[1]
The concept of a national park was introduced for the first time in Turkey by Selahattin İnal, who argued that “nature reserves should have the status of a national park and they should be determined according to natural beauty and touristic potential criteria.”[6] The concept was included in the 25th article of the Forest Law adopted on 31 August 1956, and was included in the legal plane for the first time.[6] The General Directorate of Forestry, which is given the responsibility of the national parks by law, is authorized to declare a national park for the purpose of using it as a scientific and public sports and recreation area, provided that the fauna and flora of the forested areas are preserved.[7] Until 1983, only areas that had forest cover fell within the category of national parks, but the National Parks Law, which was adopted on 8 August 1983, new protection statuses such as nature parks, nature preserve areas, and nature monuments were established and areas with historical, touristic or cultural values could now be declared as national parks even if they were not covered by forests. [8] According to the current version of the law, the declaration of a new national park falls within the powers of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, which takes the advice of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning on zoning, and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism on historical and touristic matters.[8]
The combined defense expenditure for members of NATO was approximately 1.47 trillion U.S. dollars in 2024, the highest NATO members have collectively spent on defense during the provided time period. During this time period, NATO’s collective defense spending was lowest in 2015, at 895.68 billion dollars, but has increased every year since then, reaching over one trillion U.S. dollars for the first time in 2019.
The social security system in Russia incorporates various forms of government support intended to provide adequate standard of living and improve the quality of life of the particular categories of citizens, including those from vulnerable groups. Such support include both social insurance programs (i.g., pensions) and social assistance programs (i.g., social benefits),[1] and can be tangible (i.g., money, things, services) and intangible (i.g., psychological assistance).[2]
Russian legislation uses the expression “social services“, instead of social security. Legislative definition is provided in article 3 of the Russian Federal Law No. 442-FZ “On the Basics of Social Services for Citizens in the Russian Federation”: “social security is an activity aimed at the provision of social services to citizens”.[3]
History of social security system in Russia
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The social security system in Russia has a long history that is highly influenced by events happened in different periods of Russian history. The evolution of this system began with the Christianization of Kievan Rus’.
Ancient Rus’
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See also: Vladimir the Great
After the Christianization of Kievan Rus’ in 988, the traditional paradigm of social care began to change. Before 996, care about elderly, ill and fragile members of society was the responsibility of community and family members. In 996, Vladimir the Great has issued a Charter (law), which entrusted social care and public charity to the supervision of the Orthodox Church. According to The Russian Primary Chronicle, Vladimir the Great also created almshouses, hospice houses and frequently gave food to the poor.[4]
Yaroslav the Wise and Vladimir II Monomakh
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The Russkaya Pravda was a main source of Old Russian Law and regulated, among other things, relations between different social groups and social care. It established the first legally codified social assistance. In fact, 8 of 37 articles in Russkaya Pravda were devoted to child protection,[5] including the issues with inheritance, and orphanhood.[4]
Vladimir II Monomakh also paid significant attention to the care of poor, ill, and fragile members of society. In Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh’s Instruction to His Children written in the XII century, he emphasized:[6]
“Above all else, don’t forget the poor, but support them to the extent of your power. Give to the orphan, protect the widow, and don’t let the mighty destroy another person.”
— Vladimir II Monomakh
Imperial Russia
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XVI—XVIII centuries
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See also: Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
During the period of XVI-XXVIII centuries, the social protection system significantly expanded. The main focus of social care system in this period was on the issues of beggars and poverty.[2]
Ivan the Terrible issued the Decree on Alms aimed at identifying ‘the elderly and sick’ in all cities and building alms houses for them. Later, under the reign of Fyodor III of Russia in 1682, two hospitals were built in Moscow for the treatment of beggars and the poor.[7]
Peter the Great significantly expanded the social security system in Russian Empire, ordering to start mass building of social care facilities, such as hospitals, almshouses, orphanages, houses for the care of illegitimate babies. At the same time, Peter the Great forbade giving alms directly to beggars, and by the Decree of 3 May 1720, he established a social assistance for retired soldiers (‘invalid’), ordering to provide them with pensions and residence in monasteries and almshouses.[8]
Catherine the Great changed the social security system once more by establishing in 1755 a state system of public charity for all social estates. Public charity institutions such as public schools, orphanages, hospitals, pharmacies, and workhouses were created in each province.[7] These institutions were managed by the Public Charity Offices of each province. The funding of these institutions was regulated by the Charter on the Rights and Benefits for the Towns of the Russian Empire issued on 21 April 1785.[9] Cities were required to deduct part of their income to Public Charity Offices.[10] Catherine the Great also established the first nursing home in Russia for the care of wounded, sick and elderly soldiers and their families.[7]
XIX—XX centuries
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See also: Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria
The work of the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria began in 1796, when Empress Maria Feodorovna took the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens under her patronage. On 2 May 1797, the Empress united her management of the Moscow Orphanage with that of the orphanage and the Foundling Hospital of St. Petersburg. The institutions managed orphanages, care of the disabled, the blind and the deaf, education for women and children, poor houses and hospitals, as well as many other institutions founded by the Empress.[11]
Two days after the death of the Empress, Nicholas I of Russia, by decree of 26 October 1828, took all the institutions under her jurisdiction under his patronage.[12] To manage them, the IV department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery was formed.[13] During 1898, more than 7 million people used the services of the Office, more than 20 million people asked for one-time charitable assistance, and about 500 thousand people permanently lived in charitable institutions.[7] The office was abolished in 1917, the year when the Russian Empire ended.
Soviet Union
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The development of the social security system in the Soviet Union state included several stages that correspond to crucial historical events in the Soviet Union history, such as the October Revolution of 1917, the Great Patriotic War, and the Perestroika.
The first stage: after the October Revolution of 1917
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With the October Revolution of 1917 begins the formation of a modern social security system in Russia. The main goal of the newly-formed State in the first years of its existence was to overcome the economic and social consequences of the October Revolution and Russian Civil War. The first attempts to codify the social security system in the legislation included establishment of social insurance for workers, social benefits for disabled soldiers and their family members, as well as opening of nursing homes, psycho-neurological dispensaries, boarding homes, specialized orphanages.[14] At the same time, the State began to create a health care system for workers, including health and safety insurance at work.[15]
During the period of the New Economic Policy (NEP), the social security system was modernised in order to meet the requirements of the new economic conditions. From the beginning of 1922, the provision of social security benefits was based mainly on the ability to perform work duties. Social protection was provided to workers disabled as a result of a work injury.[8] The State established pensions for the loss of a breadwinner for workers’ families, financial support in case of temporary disability. The State also established maternity support. Women with small children were granted the right to have breastfeeding breaks from work and financial support for childbirth and childcare. Health care system was improved by the development of sanatorium system for workers and children. Vocational training schools opened for disabled people.[7]
This stage ended in 1936 with the adoption of the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union. Article 120 of the Constitution secured the right of soviet citizens to financial benefits due to old age, illness, and disability.[16] Starting in 1937, the healthcare system was also fully funded by the state.
The second stage: after the “Great Patriotic War”
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Similarly to the situation after the October Revolution, the primary goal of the government after World War 2 (known in Russia as the “Great Patriotic War”) was to overcome the social and economic consequences of the war. Therefore, the formation of new social security this time centered on social care and benefits for injured and retired soldiers and their families and around their most effective integration into the rebuilding process of the economy.[14] The government started to open special colleges, boarding schools, and other institutions aimed at helping returned soldiers, who were often got disabled during the war, get an education and jobs. In 1947, the first guide dogs were trained for war veterans. Later in 1960, the first and only guide dog school in the USSR opened.[17]
By the mid-60s, the need to unify the legislation on social security, including laws on pensions, social insurance, and social benefits arose. In the 70s and 80s, the government adopted a number of regulations aimed at improving social security. These legislative acts provided additional social benefits for disabled people such as free use of public transport and increased the amount of money spent on children’s meals in kindergartens and orphanages. In addition, the minimum pension rates for workers, employees, and members of collective farms increased as well as a new system of pension calculation was developed.[7]
On October 7, 1977, the new Constitution of the USSR was adopted. The Constitution affirmed the equality of rights of women and men (article 35), the right to health (article 42), maternity and family support (articles 43 and 53), and consolidated the legislative base for the USSR social security system.[18]
The third stage: from Perestroika until the present times
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During this period, the ideological principles of social security changed in accordance with the rapid transformation of the economy. The social security system during Perestroika was aimed at solving the problems that existed earlier in the Soviet society, but were not addressed properly by the legislation. The legislative base was expanded and modernized to provide more clear definitions and grounds for different types of social assistance. Starting from the mid 1980s, third sector organizations were incorporated into the social security system as social services providers. Thus, at the time of the dissolution of the USSR, all the main types of social assistance were well developed.[7]
The social security system in a newly formed Russian Federation after 1991 was based on the USSR social security system both in terms of social assistance forms and in terms of legislation, at the same time taking into account new economic and social conditions in the country. The decentralization of the social security system began with the formation of a three-tier government (federal government, regional government, and local self-government).[19] For the first time, the right of citizens to social pensions was codified in law. The pension calculation system changed and special conditions for pension appointment for certain categories of employees, such as military personnel, were established by a separate law, as well as financial benefits for the families of deceased servicemen. In the employment law, unemployment benefits were codified in the legislation.[2]
The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation declared the Russian Federation a social state (article 3) and proclaimed the duty of the State to ensure the social protection of its citizens (article 39).[20] The 2020 amendments to article 75 of the Constitution of Russia declared provision of pensions for citizens on the basis of the principles of universality, fairness, and solidarity of generations, the compulsory social insurance, and indexation of social benefits and pensions on a yearly basis.[21]
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